Fig. 9 

Rescue assays with mitochondrial-related compounds in Vha68-3 deletion-mediated spermiogenesis defects. A Three-dimensional structure of the Vha68-3 protein. B Visualization of Vha68-3 pockets. C Key residues at Vha68-3/PA interaction sites. D DNA stainings at the tails of testes in control, Vha68-3 KO, Vha68-3 KO + PA (2.5 µg/mL), Vha68-3 KO + PA (5.0 µg/mL), Vha68-3 KO + PA (7.5 µg/mL) groups (40 days). E Immunostainings of Orb (red) in control, Vha68-3 KO, Vha68-3 KO + PA (2.5 µg/mL), Vha68-3 KO + PA (5.0 µg/mL), Vha68-3 KO + PA (7.5 µg/mL) groups (40 days). F The number of Orb-positive cells in control (n = 9), Vha68-3 KO (n = 10), Vha68-3 KO + PA (2.5 µg/mL) (n = 7), Vha68-3 KO + PA (5 µg/mL) (n = 8), Vha68-3 KO + PA (7.5 µg/mL) (n = 10), Vha68-3 KO + SLG (2.5 µg/mL) (n = 7), Vha68-3 KO + SLG (5 µg/mL) (n = 6), Vha68-3 KO + SLG (7.5 µg/mL) (n = 10), Vha68-3 KO + PEP (2.5 µg/mL) (n = 8), Vha68-3 KO + PEP (5 µg/mL) (n = 10), Vha68-3 KO + PEP (7.5 µg/mL) (n = 19), Vha68-3 KO + PP (2.5 µg/mL) (n = 8), Vha68-3 KO + PP (5 µg/mL) (n = 5), Vha68-3 KO + PP (7.5 µg/mL) (n = 8) groups. G The number of elongated spermatid clusters in control (n = 10), Vha68-3 KO (n = 9), Vha68-3 KO + PA (2.5 µg/mL) (n = 11), Vha68-3 KO + PA (5 µg/mL) (n = 10), Vha68-3 KO + PA (7.5 µg/mL) (n = 10), Vha68-3 KO + SLG (2.5 µg/mL) (n = 8), Vha68-3 KO + SLG (5 µg/mL) (n = 8), Vha68-3 KO + SLG (7.5 µg/mL) (n = 10), Vha68-3 KO + PEP (2.5 µg/mL) (n = 8), Vha68-3 KO + PEP (5 µg/mL) (n = 10), Vha68-3 KO + PEP (7.5 µg/mL) (n = 10), Vha68-3 KO + PP (2.5 µg/mL) (n = 8), Vha68-3 KO + PP (5 µg/mL) (n = 5), Vha68-3 KO + PP (7.5 µg/mL) (n = 10) groups. H Immunostainings of Vha68-3 (green) and ATP5A (red) in control, Vha68-3 KO and Vha68-3 KO + PA (7.5 µg/mL) testes (40 days). DNA is stained with Hoechst 33342 in testes. Bars represent mean ± SEM; one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; scale bar: 50 μm