Fig. 7 

Metabolomics analysis of Vha68-3 deletion. A OPLS-DA score plot comparing control and Vha68-3 KO groups at 40 days. B Number of differential metabolites between 40-day-old control and Vha68-3 KO groups. C Volcano plot of differential metabolites. D Representative differential metabolites with high VIP values. E Metabolic pathway enrichment analysis. F Relative levels of ATP in control (n = 9) and Vha68-3 KO (n = 9) groups at 40 days. G Relative levels of PA in control (n = 4) and Vha68-3 KO (n = 4) groups at 40 days. H-J Relative levels of NAD+, NADH, and NAD+/NADH ratio in control (n = 5) and Vha68-3 KO (n = 5) groups at 40 days. Bars represent mean ± SEM; Student’s t-test; ***P < 0.001