Fig. 4

The activation of fibroblasts depends on the NF-κB signaling pathway induced by hypoxia. A Module–phenotype correlation diagram in WGCNA. B KEGG enrichment diagram of module genes corresponding to fibroblasts 1. C KEGG enrichment diagram of module genes corresponding to fibroblasts 2. D Relative expression levels of HIF-1α, P65, and NF-κB1 during the differentiation process in each subgroup. E Expression levels of HIF-1α, P65, and CXCL1 at the transcriptional level as hypoxia time prolongs. F Western blot diagrams of NF-κB signaling molecules, HIF-1α, activation marker α-SMA, and CXCL1 as hypoxia time prolongs. G Fluorescence images of α-SMA in each group. H Fluorescence images of mitochondrial membrane potential in each group. I Flow cytometry diagrams of ROS in each group. J Western blot diagrams of NF-κB signaling molecules and HIF-1α under hydrogen peroxide stimulation. K Expression of pP65 in the nucleus of PSCs after hypoxia and NAC treatment. L Western blot diagrams of NF-κB signaling molecules and CXCL1 after hypoxia and NAC treatment. M Western blot diagrams of NF-κB signaling molecules, HIF-1α, and CXCL1 after JSH-23 treatment of PSCs. Student’s t-test was used for comparison between two groups, and one-way ANOVA was used for comparison among more than three groups. *P < 0.05 is considered statistically significant, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001