Table 1 Summary of chemical drugs targeting Rho protein as antiviral targets
From: Rho-GTPases subfamily: cellular defectors orchestrating viral infection
Rho target | Antiviral compound | Virus type | Functional mechanism | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
RhoA | Bafilomycin A(1) | RSV | Restriction of viral egress and excretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (in vitro) | [178] |
Cdc42 | PIK-24 | RSV | Inhibition of cell-to-cell fusion during syncytium formation (in vitro) | [179] |
RhoA/ROCK | HA-1077 | Ebola virus (EBOV) | Reversal of the vascular permeability defects (in vivo and in vitro) | [180] |
RAC1 | Statin | RSV | Combination of cholesterol- and isoprenoid-mediated effects on RAC1 activation (in vitro) | [5] |
RhoA/CDC42 | Ivermectin and atorvastatin | COVID-19 | Interference of nuclear transport and vesicle transport (in vitro) | [181] |
Cdc42 | ZCL278 | Junin virus (JUNV) | Prevention of cellular entry of enveloped viruses (in vivo and in vitro) | [182] |
RhoA | Simvastatin | IAV | Suppression of RhoA activation and LC3 membrane localization (in vitro) | [183] |
ROCK1 | GSK269962A | Human enterovirus A71 (EV‐A71) | Inhibition of ROCK1 kinase activity (in vitro) | [184] |
Rac1 | NSC23766 | HSV-1 | Inhibition of Rac1 activity (in vitro) | [185] |
Rac1 | NSC23766 | IAV | Effect on activity of viral polymerase complex (in vitro) | [186] |
ROCK1 | Thiazovivin | Buffalopox virus (BPXV) | Induction of viral mRNA attenuation in BPXV infected cells (in vitro) | [4] |
ROCK1/2 | Ki16425 | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) | Promotion of antiviral innate immunity (in vitro) | [187] |
ROCK1 | EV‐A71 | Hepatitis C virus (HCV) | Occupancy of the activation potential involved on the surface of the ROCK1 active pocket; blocking the secretion of proinflammatory factors (in vitro) | [188] |
RhoA, Cdc42, and Rac1 | Atorvastatin | SARS-CoV-2 | Inhibition of actin cytoskeleton-dependent trafficking (in vivo and in vitro) | [181] |
ROCK | Y27632 | Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) | Inhibition of nuclear translocation and subsequent activation of ROCK | [75] |
ROCK | HA-1077 | Hepatitis C virus (HCV) | Inhibition of ROCK activity (in vivo and in vitro) | [189] |