Fig. 2

FSH promotes EndMT in HUVECs. Morphological changes in HUVECs were observed following treatment with FSH (10–100 mIU/mL) and TGFβ1 (10 ng/mL) as a positive control for 3 days (A). The expression of endothelial markers CD31, VE-cadherin (VE-Cad), and vWF, along with mesenchymal markers FAP, SM22α, and α-SMA, was assessed by immunofluorescence staining (B) and WB analysis (D). C Quantification of protein expression was performed by analyzing fluorescence intensity values (CON: 11.78 ± 5.73%; FSH: 242.48 ± 64.92%; TGFβ: 462.33 ± 93.11%). Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test (C), n ≥ 3, **p < 0.01. Scale bars: 250 μm (A), 50 μm (B)