Fig. 6

Metabolomic analysis of plasma samples from MRL/lpr mice at week 22. A OPLS-DA score chart for the Ctrl (green) and MSC (red) mouse groups. B Volcano plot of differential metabolites. Differential metabolites were selected on the basis of VIP > 1 and P-value < 0.05. C KEGG enrichment analysis bubble plot. Bubble size represents the number of differential metabolites in each pathway, while bubble color indicates the P-value for each pathway. The Trp metabolism pathway shows the highest enrichment. D Violin plots of specific metabolites in correlation analysis. The box in the center of the violin plot represents the interquartile range, and the thin black lines represent the 95% confidence interval. The central black line indicates the median, and the outer shapes depict data distribution density. N = 4 per group