Table 3 Diseases associated with kinase malfunctioning and kinase inhibitors in clinical trials

PKA

Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy

H89 (N-[2-p-bromocinnamylamino-ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide)

[157, 234]

Akt/PKB

Breast cancer, ovarian cancer, diabetes, insulin resistance

Ipatasertib, capivasertib, afuresertib

[90, 165]

PLK

Cancer

ZK-thiazolidinone, NMS-1, CYC-800, DAP-81, LC-445, BI-2536, BI-6727

[172]

PI3K

Inflammation, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer

Thymoquinone, alpelisib, copanlisib, idelalisib, duvelisib, umbralisib

[99, 174, 235, 236]

IRE1α

T2DM, cancer, obesity

Sunitinib, toyocamycin

[237]

PERK

T2DM, FTD, Wolcott–Rallison syndrome (WRS)

HC-5404, GSK2606414, GSK2656157

[183, 186, 238, 239]

LRRK2

PD

Abivertinib

[120, 240]

PINK1

PD

Phenolic acids from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (EuO) leaves

[241]

GSK-3β

T2DM, synaptic injury in the hippocampus

TDZD8

[203]

AMPK

Diabetic nephropathy, diabetic cardiopathy, D-NAFLD

Capsaicin, DIO

[188, 209]

PDK4

Obesity, insulin resistance

Diisopropylamine dichloroacetate

[242]

CK2

DEE-66

Quercetin, quinalizarin

[9, 243]

mTOR

Cancer, T2DM

Rapamycin

[150, 218, 219]

MAPK1

Cancer

U0126

[244]