Table 2 Summary of MAM kinases: targets, function, and associated diseases

PKA

Drp1, Cav-1

MAM remodeling, Ca²⁺ flux, mitochondrial bioenergetics

NAFLD, breast cancer

[86,87,88, 159, 160, 162]

PKB

PACS2, IP3Rs, mTOR

Anti-apoptotic protein, blocks ER Ca²⁺ release

T2DM, ovarian cancer, breast cancer

[90, 91, 165, 166]

PLK

Miro

Regulates cell division, mitochondrial Ca²⁺ homeostasis

PD, carcinoma

[96, 98]

PI3K

Akt, Beclin-1

Pre-autophagosomal structure (PAS) formation

Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, malignancies

[100, 102, 173]

IRE1α

CASP2, JNK

UPR, MQC, RIDD

Breast cancer, neuroblastoma

[104, 107, 109, 177, 179]

PERK

eIF2α, E-Syt1, MULAN, Parkin, MARCH5

Regulate ER–mitochondria contacts, regulate ER–PM contacts, UPR

Wolcott–Rallison syndrome, diabetic cardiomyopathy, AD, PD, dementia

[112,113,114, 118, 183]

LRRK2

SYNJ1, endophilin A1

Controls ER–mitochondria tethering

PD

[11, 233]

PINK1

Parkin, BECN1, Miro1

Regulates mitochondrial morphology, Ca²⁺ flux, complex I activity, ATP production, mitophagy, MQC

PD

[43, 127, 130, 190]

GSK-3

Glycogen synthase, MCL-1

Involved in apoptotic signaling

ALS, T2DM, FTD

[136, 137, 201, 203]

AMPK

ULK1

Mitophagy, autophagy

Diabetic nephropathy, myocardial hypertrophy

[138, 210, 212]

PDK

Pyruvate dehydrogenase, Grp75

Regulates MAM structure

Obesity, alcohol-associated liver disease

[145, 146, 216]

CK2

PACS2

Ca²⁺ transport over MAM

DEE66, AD

[9, 74]

mTOR

Akt

Regulate Ca²⁺ release at MAM, mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uptake

Diabetes, cancer

[91, 152, 219, 222]

MAPK

Drp1

Mitochondrial fission

Cancer

[225]