Fig.3
From: MAM kinases: physiological roles, related diseases, and therapeutic perspectives—a systematic review
The MAM kinase PERK branch is one of the three UPR pathways. Mfn2 acts as the upstream regulator of PERK. LRRK detaches from E3 ubiquitin ligases and facilitates their PERK-mediated phosphorylation and subsequent MAM protein degradation. PINK1 actively participates in autophagy and modulates mitochondrial motility. GSK-3 regulates apoptosis, and AMPK regulates MAM contacts and fission according to the energy state of the cell