Fig. 1

tRF-5028c was highly expressed in the villous tissues of patients with RSA. A Pearson correlation analysis of tsRNA sequencing data in villous tissues of three RSA cases and three controls. The correlation coefficients are greater than 0.8 among all samples. B Venn diagram showing the number of detected tsRNAs and known tsRNAs in tRFdb. C Venn diagram showing the number of commonly expressed tsRNAs in RSA and control groups. D Pie diagram showing the distribution of different tsRNA subtypes. E Length distribution analysis of tsRNA subtypes. F Number of tsRNA subtypes against transfer RNA isodecoders. G-H Hierarchical clustering heatmap and volcano plot of differentially expressed tsRNAs in RSA and control groups. The criteria for differential expression are based on both fold change (cutoff 1.5) and P-value (cutoff 0.05). I The 605 commonly expressed tsRNAs in both groups were intersected with the 256 significantly upregulated tsRNAs (upper panel) and the 42 significantly downregulated tsRNAs (lower panel) in RSA, respectively. J Expression validation of seven tsRNAs by qRT-PCR in the villous tissues of 15 patients with RSA and 15 controls. Data presented as mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001