Fig. 2

Effects of DHA and EPA in modulating the molecular mechanisms of chemoresistance in breast cancer. DHA and EPA may impact chemoresistance by: enhancing reactive species oxygen (ROS) production and inducing DNA damage and apoptosis (1); inhibiting the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, and reducing hypoxia (2); decreasing the activation of signaling pathways involved in inflammation and proliferation (3); activating PPARγ, which promoted apoptosis (4); modulating tumor microenvironment (5); reprogramming metabolism (6). Bcl, B-cell lymphoma; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-LKinase; AKT, protein kinase B; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; NF-kB, nuclear factor-kappa B; MAPK, activated protein kinase. Figure created with PowerPoint by Microsoft Office 365