Fig. 2

Origin and structural characteristics of HIF-1. A The discovery of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) resulted in the award of the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Gregg L. Semenza, William Kaelin, and Peter Ratcliffe. B HIF-1α possesses five functional domains serving distinct roles, including the bHLH domain, the N-TAD and C-TAD domains, the ID domain, the PAS-A and PAS-B domains, as well as the ODD domain