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Table 2 Exosome cargo proteins as biomarkers for GC diagnosis

From: Exosome-derived proteins in gastric cancer progression, drug resistance, and immune response

Protein

Biofluid

Detection mode

Progression

Prognosis

Refs.

PD-L1

Serum

ELISA

NA

PFS

[81]

PD-L1

Serum

ELISA

NA

OS

[71]

FZD10

Plasma

Western blotting

TNM stage

NA

[83]

FZD10

Plasma

Western blotting

NA

NA

[84]

NNMT

Peritoneal fluid

Western blotting

Peritoneal carcinomatosis

NA

[34]

CD14

Plasma

Nano-HPLC–MS/MS

Peritoneal metastasis

NA

[85]

ILK1

Plasma

Nano-HPLC–MS/MS

Hepatic metastasis

NA

[85]

CD44

Serum

ELISA

LNM

NA

[86]

Wnt5a

Serum

ELISA

LNM

NA

[87]

TGF-β1

Plasma

ELISA

TNM stage

LNM

NA

[74]

HER2

Serum

ELISA

NA

NA

[90]

  1. ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, NA not applicable, LNM lymph node metastasis, TNM tumor node metastasis, PFS progression-free survival, OS overall survival, FZD10 Frizzled-10, NNMT nicotinamide N-methyltransferase, ILK1 integrin linked kinase 1