Exosome-derived proteins in gastric cancer progression, drug resistance, and immune response

Table 1 The roles of exosome cargo proteins in GC

Origin of exosomes	Proteins	Target cells	Response in target cells	Molecular mechanism	Refs.
MSC	UBR2	MFC cell	Proliferation, migration, stemness	Wnt/β-Catenin	[29]
GC cell	MET	Macrophage	IL-1β production	NA	[31]
TAM	ApoE	GC cell	Cytoskeleton, migration	PI3K/Akt	[32]
GC cell	TRIM3	GC cell	Proliferation, migration	Regulating stem cell factors and EMT regulator	[44]
HFE-145	GKN1	GC cell	EMT, migration, invasion	HRas/Raf/MEK/ERK	[45]
GC cell	NNMT	HMrSV5 cell	Peritoneal metastasis	TGF-β/smad2	[34]
GC cell	CLIC1	GC cell	Vincristine resistance	P-gp and Bcl-2	[50]
GC cell	RPS3	GC cell	Cisplatin resistance	PI3K/Akt/cofilin-1	[53]
GC cell	PD-L1	T cell	5-FU resistance	Induced T cell apoptosis and inhibited T cell activation	[56]
GC cell	GRP78	GC cell	Stemness	NA	[95]
GC cell	HMGB1	Neutrophil	Autophagy, protumor activation	TLR4/NF-κB	[69]
GC cell	PD-L1	T cell	Decreased CD69 and PD-1 expression	Stable and MHC-I expression	[71]
GC cell	PD‑L1	T cell	Activation and proliferation	LSD1	[72]
GC cell	TGF-β1	T cell	Differentiation of CD25 + CTLA4 + FOXP3 + Tregs	NA	[74]
GC cell	THBS1	γδ T cell	Cytotoxicity	m6A methylation/RIG-I-like signaling pathway	[77]
GC cell	GRP78	Vascular endothelial cell	Angiogenesis	AKT	[40]
GC cell	PD-L1	Bone marrow cells	Expansion and differentiation of MDSC	NA	[93]
GC cell	PKM2	Macrophages	Differentiation of TAM	NA	[94]

MSC mesenchymal stem cell, UBR2 ubiquitin-protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 2, MFC murine foregastric carcinoma, GC gastric cancer, MET mesenchymal–epithelial transition factor, TAM tumor-associated macrophage, ApoE apolipoprotein E, TRIM3 tripartite motif-containing 3, EMT epithelial–mesenchymal transition, GKN1 Gastrokine 1, HFE-145 immortalized gastric epithelial cells, NNMT nicotinamide N-methyltransferase, HMrSV5 cell an established human peritoneal mesothelial cell line, CLIC1 chloride intracellular channel 1, P-gp P-glycoprotein, RPS3 ribosomal protein S3, 5-FU 5-fluorouracil, HMGB1 high mobility group box 1, LSD1 lysine‑specific demethylase 1, THBS1 thrombospondin 1, GRP78 glucose-regulated protein 78, PKM2 pyruvate kinase M2, NA not applicable, MDSC myeloid-derived suppressor cell

ISSN: 1689-1392