Fig. 3

Macrophage subpopulations and abnormal functions in the SVF of PVAT revealed by scRNA-seq. A t-SNE plot showing macrophage (Mac) subpopulations in the SVF of PVAT. B Violin plots showing the expression levels of marker genes in each macrophage subpopulation of the SVF of PVAT. C Functional enrichment analysis of each macrophage subpopulation in the SVF of PVAT. Bubble size and color represent the number of genes involved in corresponding biological process and the significance of enrichment analysis. D Left panel: t-SNE plot displaying the subpopulations of macrophages in the SVF of PVAT of normal (red) and T2DM (green) rats. Right panel: bar plots illustrating the proportion of the number of indicated macrophage subpopulation in the SVF of PVAT data of normal (red) or T2DM (green) rats, compared with the total number of the corresponding cell subpopulation in the integrated data of the SVF of PVAT. E, F Circos diagram of the relationships between significantly enriched biological processes and the specifically expressed genes in Gbp5⁺ Mφs (E) or Pdpn⁺ Mφs (F). FC: fold change in the expression of genes in Gbp5⁺ Mφs or Pdpn⁺ Mφs compared to other macrophage subpopulations in PVAT SVF. Fisher’s exact test with Benjamini–Hochberg FDR multiple-test correction was used for the statistical analysis in C, E, and F. Chi-squared test of independence was used for the statistical analysis in D