Table 2 Summary of the findings from clinical studies regarding CXCL13–CXCR5 expression dysregulation in pain or neurological diseases
Disease | Groups | Tissue | Results | Method | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | Patients with ALS versus patients without ALS | Spinal cord motoneurons | CXCL13↑ | Immunofluorescence | [104] |
CSF | CXCL13↓ (p < 0.05) | ELISA | |||
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | Patients with RA versus healthy controls | Plasma | CXCL13↑ (p < 0.0001) | ELISA | [88] |
Patients with RA after 6 months of treatment versus baseline | Plasma | CXCL13↓ (p < 0.0001) | ELISA | ||
Epilepsy | Patients with epilepsy versus nonepilepsy controls | Temporal neocortices | CXCL13↑ CXCR5↑ (p < 0.05) | qPCR Immunohistochemistry Western blotting | [108] |
Multiple sclerosis (MS) | Patients with MS responding to 1 year teriflunomide treatment versus baseline | Serum | CXCL13↓ (p = 0.008) | Single molecule array | [110] |
Patients with MS versus non-neurologic disease controls | CSF | CXCL13↑ (p < 0.0001) | ELISA | [119] | |
LNB | Patients with LNB versus non-LNB controls | CSF | CXCL13↑ (p < 0.05) | Bio-Plex Pro human cytokine array | [111] |
Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis (anti-NMDAR encephalitis) | Patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis versus non-anti-NMDAR encephalitis controls | CSF | CXCL13↑ (p < 0.0005) | ELISA | [112] |