Fig. 1

Schematic representation of Ankrd1 structure and molecular regulation of Ankrd1 at different levels. At the transcriptional level, p38, Rac1, and transcription factors Nkx2.5 and GATA-4 bind to the Ankrd1 promoter and positively regulates Ankrd1 expression. The miR-92a-3p can translocate into the nucleus and positively mediate Ankrd1 expression by AGO2. At the posttranscriptional level, miR-3614-5p binds to the 3′UTR of the Ankrd1 gene and decrease Ankrd1 expression. The RNA-binding protein RBMS1 can also bind to the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) and increase the mRNA stabilization of Ankrd1. The Ankrd1 protein has 319 amino acids, including one coiled-coil domain, two PEST-like regions, two putative nuclear localization signals (NLSs), five tandem ankyrin repeats (ANK), and one potential nuclear export signal (NES). At the posttranslational level, Ankrd1 can be phosphorylated by PKCα and ROCK1. Calpain 3 can cleavage by Ankrd1 protein at the first NLS. This diagram is not drawn to scale