Fig. 2

A List of cytokines that trigger both chronic and acute inflammation. B A diagram illustrating how acetylation of Krüppel‐like factor 5 (KLF5) promotes osteoclast formation by transcriptionally activating CXCR4, which in turn increases IL-11 production. This results in metastasis to the bones. Heavy acetylation of the KLF5 transcription factor in the bone microenvironment causes bone metastatic lesions by stimulating the CXCL12/CXCR4 chemokine axis and additional paracrine signaling pathways, such as those of IL-11 and soluble HH (SHH). This mechanism could have an impact on the detection and management of PCa bone metastases