Fig. 5

AW1 regulated IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression in macrophages via TLR4. A Colocalization of TLR4 and AW1 in macrophages under FITC-labeled AW1 treatment for 1 h; green fluorescence for FITC-labeled AW1, red fluorescence for TLR4, and DAPI blue fluorescence for nuclei; white arrows indicate binding of TLR4 and AW1; scale bar 50 µm. B–D Effects of AW1 (100 nM) on IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression after treatment with TLR4-specific inhibitor in macrophages. E–G Effects of AW1 (100 nM) on IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression in macrophages stimulated by LPS (1 µg/mL) after specific inhibition of TLR4 receptor. All data are expressed as mean ± SEM from three independent experiments (n = 3); ^####P < 0.0001 indicates statistically significant difference compared with vehicle, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and ****P < 0.0001 indicate statistically significant difference compared with LPS