Fig. 4

AW1 treatment regulated macrophage inflammatory responses via the NF-κB signaling pathway. A–C Inhibitory effects of AW1 (1, 10, and 100 nM) on excessive IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression after LPS simulation in macrophages. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM from three independent experiments (n = 3). D–F Effects of AW1 (1, 10, and 100 nM) on IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression in macrophages. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM from three independent experiments (n = 3). G Western blotting images of P-P65, P65, Iκb, and P-iκb in macrophages under PBS, LPS (1 μg/mL), or AW1 (1, 10, and 100 nM) treatment for 24 h. H–I Quantification of relative expression of P65, P-P65, Iκb, and P-iκb. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM from five independent experiments (n = 5). J Concentration-dependent promoting effects of AW1 on NF-κB signaling pathway activation. K–L Quantification of relative expression of P65, P-P65, Iκb, and P-iκb. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM from five independent experiments (n = 5). ^####P < 0.0001 indicates statistically significant difference compared with LPS, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and ****P < 0.0001 indicate statistically significant difference compared with vehicle