Fig. 2

Isolation and characterization of macrophage-derived exosomes. A TEM image of exosomes isolated from the supernatant of iHvKp-stimulated macrophages or control group, scale bar, 100 nm. B NTA analysis of the isolated exosomes, including iHvKp-exo and control group. C Analysis of exosome markers ALIX, TSG101, and CD63 in the exosome preparation by western blot. D Levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial cell membrane component, in the extracted exosomes, including iHvKp-exo and control group. The data are presented as mean ± SEM