Fig. 3

Cadmium disrupts mitochondrial respiratory chain function and fatty acid oxidation, and promotes hepatic lipid accumulation. AML12 cells were treated with 2.5, 5, and 10 μM Cd for 6 h. Oil red O (A) and BODIPY (B) were used to observe intracellular lipid droplets. Scale bar = 100 μm. Scale bar = 25 μm. TG and TC contents were detected (C, D). Levels of CPT1and ACSL1 were determined using western blotting (E). Results are shown as the mean ± SD (n = 3). Compared with the control group, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. The enzyme activities of the mitochondrial respiratory chain I (F), III (G), IV (H), and V (I) were examined. ATP content and Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase were examined (J, K). Results are shown as the mean ± SD (n = 3). Compared with the control group, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01